In early 2022, a Yahoo employee, Qian Sang, exploited his access to confidential information, and stole the company’s AdLearn product minutes after receiving a job offer from a competitor. By the time the breach was discovered, the damage was extensive, costing the company millions in fines, legal fees, and lost business [*].
This incident is not an isolated case. Insider threats (aka insider risks) are becoming an increasingly common form of cyberattack, and they often strike where organizations are most vulnerable: from within.
Unlike external attacks, which are easier to anticipate and defend against, insider threats are difficult to detect because they originate from individuals who already have legitimate access to the organization’s systems and data.
Whether driven by malicious intent, financial stress, or simple negligence, these threats can be devastating, leading to data breaches, financial loss, and irreparable damage to an organization’s reputation.
Insider Threat Detection Methods
Behavioral Analytics and User Monitoring
User behavior analytics involves using algorithms and data analysis to monitor and understand user behavior within an organization.
It follows the approach of establishing a baseline of normal activity (or normal behavior) for each user, making it easy to identify deviations that may indicate malicious or negligent actions. These deviations are called ‘anomalies’, and can include unusual login times, accessing files outside of the user’s normal scope, or using applications that are not assigned for their role.
This is particularly effective in detecting insider threats because it focuses on individuals’ behavior rather than just their actions. The system continuously learns and adapts to each user’s unique behavior patterns, making it possible to detect even minor deviations that might otherwise go unnoticed.
For example, if an employee who typically accesses customer databases suddenly starts querying financial records, behavioral analytics would flag this activity as unusual.
Access Controls and Privilege Management
Access controls are fundamental to minimizing the risk of insider threats. This is based on the principle of least privilege (PoLP) which dictates that “users should only have the access necessary to perform their job functions—no more, no less.”
Users with excessive access rights are more likely to encounter sensitive information or systems they do not need to interact with. This can lead to intentional misuse (e.g., data theft) or accidental damage.
Role-based access control (RBAC) further refines this by assigning permissions based on the user’s role within the organization, ensuring that access rights are aligned with their responsibilities. By limiting access to only what is necessary, organizations reduce the attack surface that insiders can exploit. For example, a marketing manager might have access to customer data and marketing tools but would not have access to financial records or HR systems.
Analyzing Network Traffic for Anomalies
Network traffic analysis involves the continuous monitoring of data as it flows across the organization’s network. This helps identify when data is being accessed or transferred in ways that deviate from the norm.
For advanced network monitoring tools, they use techniques like deep packet inspection (DPI) to analyze the contents of data packets, allowing them to detect and block sensitive information being transferred without authorization.
Additionally, anomaly detection algorithms can flag unusual traffic patterns, such as a sudden spike in data volume or access to restricted subnets, for further investigation.
A common example is if an insider suddenly starts communicating with external servers that are not typically associated with their role, this could indicate an attempt to exfiltrate data.
Behavioral Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
encompasses comprehensive monitoring of digital activities across the organization’s infrastructure. This includes tracking all file transfers and downloads to identify potential data breaches.
The system continuously monitors printing activity to prevent unauthorized document removal, while email communications undergo thorough scanning for sensitive content that could be inappropriately shared. These measures work together to scan for and prevent unauthorized data exfiltration attempts that could compromise company security.
Administrative Controls
form the foundation of an organization’s security framework through human-focused measures and protocols. Regular security awareness training ensures employees understand current threats and best practices, while clear security policies and procedures provide a structured framework for daily operations.
The organization maintains strict security clearances for accessing sensitive information, complemented by thorough background checks during the hiring process. Additionally, separation of duties is implemented to prevent any single individual from having excessive system access, reducing the risk of internal threats.
Audit Trails and File System Analysis
provides deep visibility into file-level activities across the organization’s systems. This involves monitoring large file movements that could indicate data theft attempts, while also tracking mass file deletions or modifications that might signal malicious activity.
The system actively detects unauthorized encryption that could be used to hide data theft, and carefully monitors all USB and external device usage to prevent unauthorized data transfer. Through continuous file integrity monitoring, the organization can ensure that critical data remains unaltered and secure from tampering attempts.
Warning Signs & Indicators of Insider Threat Risks
Unusual User Behavior
Login patterns and network access are among the most telling insider threat indicators because they directly reflect the user’s behavior when they interact with the organization’s systems.
Typically, users follow consistent patterns in terms of when and where they log in, the devices they use, and the resources they access. Any deviation from these patterns—such as a sudden increase in after-hours logins, access from a different geographic location, or the use of a previously unrecognized device—can suggest that something is suspicious.
For example, if an employee who usually logs in from the office between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM starts logging in from a foreign country at 3:00 AM, this should raise immediate red flags. Similarly, if an employee accesses a high-security server they have no reason to use, it could indicate either a compromise or deliberate malicious activity.
These anomalies may be indicative of the insider attempting to evade detection by working outside of normal monitoring windows or exploiting vulnerabilities in remote access controls.
Anomalous Activity on Endpoints
Anomalous activity on endpoints refers to any unusual or suspicious actions that occur on devices such as desktops, laptops, or mobile devices within the organization. These activities might include unexpected software installations, unauthorized device usage, or unusual file transfers.
Consider a scenario where a device starts executing commands or scripts that are not part of its regular operations—such as unauthorized software installations, modifications to system settings, or repeated failed login attempts—this could signal an insider attempting to escalate privileges or cover their tracks.
Suspicious Downloads and Data Access
Insiders who plan to exfiltrate data or cause harm often start by gathering the information they need. This can involve accessing documents, databases, or systems outside their regular job function, downloading sensitive files in bulk, or even repeatedly accessing specific types of information over time.
Furthermore, the nature and timing of the downloads and access are critical indicators. For instance, an employee using unauthorized methods, or bypassing security protocols suggests a deliberate attempt to evade detection. The intent might be to exploit the data for personal gain, sell it to competitors, or cause reputational damage to the organization.
Unauthorized Access to Sensitive Information
Unauthorized access to sensitive information is a crucial warning sign of an insider threat because it often represents a deliberate attempt by an individual to obtain data that they are not entitled to view or use.
This behavior can indicate malicious intent, especially when the information accessed is highly confidential, such as trade secrets, financial records, customer data, proprietary intellectual property or other critical assets.
In this case, an employee might elevate their access rights without approval, use stolen credentials, or bypass security protocols to reach information they are not authorized to see. This is particularly concerning when the accessed data is outside the scope of their job role or when the individual has no clear business need for the information.
The context and timing of unauthorized access are also significant. A quick example is accessing sensitive information during non-business hours, shortly before resigning, or after receiving negative feedback may suggest the individual is planning to use the information for personal gain, to harm the organization, or to pass it on to a competitor. In some cases, this behavior could be the precursor to more severe actions, such as data exfiltration, sabotage, or fraud.
Unexplained Financial Gain and Changes in User Behavior
Malicious insiders may be financially motivated to sell sensitive data, commit fraud, or damage their organization for personal gain. This motivation often results in lifestyle changes that are inconsistent with the individual’s known financial situation. For example, an employee who suddenly pays off significant debts or purchases luxury items without an obvious source of income may be receiving compensation from external entities in exchange for compromising the organization.
Behavioral changes are also important indicators. An insider who becomes more secretive, starts working odd hours, or avoids interactions with colleagues may be attempting to hide their activities. These changes are often subtle and may be overlooked if not specifically monitored.
Tools and Technologies for Insider Threat Detection
User Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA)
UEBA systems analyze the behavior of users and entities (such as devices) across the network, using machine learning to identify patterns and detect anomalies.
These systems are designed to correlate multiple factors—such as login times, file access patterns, and communication channels—to create a holistic view of user and entity behavior.
Key features of UEBA include:
- Real-Time Monitoring. Monitors user and entity behavior in real-time, ensuring that threats are detected as soon as they occur.
- Risk Scoring. Assigns risk scores to users and entities based on the severity and frequency of detected anomalies
- Contextual Analysis. It assesses whether recent role changes, location shifts, or other factors justify unusual activity. This reduces false positives and ensures that only genuinely suspicious behavior is flagged.
- Anomaly Detection. Uses advanced algorithms to detect deviations from established behavioral baselines.
Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
DLP solutions focus on preventing the unauthorized transfer of sensitive data outside the organization. They monitor data in use, in motion, and at rest, applying policies restricting or blocking suspicious activities.
DLP solutions are most effective when integrated with other security tools, such as SIEM systems, UEBA, and endpoint protection platforms. This integration allows for more comprehensive threat detection and response by correlating data from multiple sources and providing a holistic view of potential threats.
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) Systems
SIEM solutions collect, aggregate, and analyze log data from across the organization’s IT environment, providing real-time visibility into security events.
By correlating data from various sources—such as network devices, servers, endpoints, and applications—SIEM systems can detect patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security threat, including insider threats.
How SIEM Systems Work
SIEM systems use correlation rules and advanced analytics to identify suspicious activities, such as unauthorized access attempts, privilege escalations, and data exfiltration.
Once a potential threat is detected, the SIEM system can trigger an automated response, such as isolating the affected system, revoking access, or alerting the security team for further investigation.
Privileged Access Management (PAM)
Privileged accounts, such as those belonging to system administrators, database managers, and IT staff, pose a significant risk if not properly managed. These accounts have elevated access rights that can be exploited to cause substantial harm, whether through data theft, system sabotage, or other malicious actions.
PAM solutions are designed to secure privileged accounts by enforcing strict controls over their use. These solutions typically include features such as session recording, real-time monitoring, and automated alerts for suspicious activities. PAM can also enforce time-limited access or require additional authentication steps for sensitive operations.
How To Detect Insider Threats with Teramind
ITM platforms are designed to provide end-to-end solutions for detecting, preventing, and responding to insider threats. These platforms integrate various security capabilities, such as user monitoring, behavior analytics, data protection, and automated response, into a single system.
These platforms can continuously monitor user interactions across networks, flagging suspicious activities in real-time and automatically triggering pre-configured responses, such as restricting access or alerting security teams.
In addition, they provide detailed forensic analysis tools that help in investigating incidents, allowing organizations to not only respond swiftly but also to improve their security posture over time. In general, they streamline the complex task of managing insider threats, making them essential for robust organizational security.
Our platform, Teramind, stands out as a top choice for insider threat management due to its comprehensive feature set, ease of use, and ability to provide real-time, actionable insights. The platform’s integration of user monitoring, behavioral analytics, and DLP ensures that no aspect of insider threat detection is overlooked.
Teramind’s proactive approach to threat management—combined with its robust automated response capabilities—makes it an ideal solution for organizations seeking to protect their sensitive data and maintain a secure environment.
FAQs
What is one way you can detect an insider threat?
One effective way to detect an insider threat is by monitoring unusual data access patterns or file transfers. Look for employees accessing sensitive information outside their normal job duties or transferring large amounts of data to external devices or accounts.
How to monitor for insider threats?
Monitor insider threats by implementing user activity monitoring software and conducting regular security audits. Establish baseline behavior for employees and look for deviations, such as accessing systems at odd hours or attempting to bypass security controls.
What are the indicators of insider threat?
Key indicators of insider threats include unexplained wealth, expressing disgruntlement, violating company policies, and attempting to access information unnecessary for their role. Also watch for unusual work hours, frequent business trips without clear purpose, or reluctance to take vacations.
Are insider threats hard to detect?
Insider threats can be challenging to detect because perpetrators have legitimate access and knowledge of systems. However, with proper monitoring tools, clear policies, and employee awareness training, organizations can significantly improve their ability to identify potential insider threats early.
What are the red flags of insider threat?
Red flags of insider threats include sudden changes in behavior, financial difficulties, unreported foreign travel, and attempts to circumvent security measures. Also be alert for employees who hoard data, work odd hours without explanation, or show signs of disgruntlement with the organization.
How do you detect a threat?
Detect threats by implementing a comprehensive security program that includes network monitoring, access controls, and employee training. Use security information and event management (SIEM) tools to analyze logs and alerts, conduct regular vulnerability assessments, and stay informed about current threat intelligence.
